More English 1 notes....

Library Information Sources

Almanacs - Factual and statistical information - Almanac of American Politics


Atlases - Topographic and geographic information - Times Atlas of the World; Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy


Bibliographies - List of sources on specific topic. May also appear at the end of books and as titles in the general collection - American Naval Bibliography


Biographical Sources - Information about the lives of individuals - Dictionary of American Biography


Chronologies - Dates and timelines for topics and events - Timetables of History


Compilations - Collections of documents or excerpts of texts - Contemporary Literary Criticism


Dictionaries - Definitions or meanings of words or terms; can be general or specific - Webster's Third New International Dictionary; American Dictionary of Campaigns and Elections


Directories - Address and phone number information - Congressional Staff Directory


Encyclopedias - Overview source. May be very general or on a specific subject and may be one volume or many volumes - Encyclopedia Britannica; Britannica Online; Encyclopedia of the American Presidency


Handbooks - Collections of useful information about a subject - Handbook of Campaign Spending


Indexes - Lists of citations to articles or newspapers; may be general or very specialized -Humanities and Social Sciences Index


Statistical Sources - Numbers and statistics - Statistical Abstracts of the U.S.


Ref. http://www.usna.edu/Library/Refbks.html

Parts of a Book



• Cover - something over or upon to protect or enclose the book


• Spine - the back part of the book and which faces outward when it is placed on shelf


• Title Page - the page at the beginning of the book, usually containing the title of the book and the names


of the author and publisher.


• Copyright Page - where the copyright date is found.


• Dedication Page - where the author dedicates the book to someone.


• Table of Contents - a list of the books contents, arranged by chapter, section, subsection, etc...


• Forward - an introduction by someone other than the author, and it is usually a famous person..


• Text (or Body) - the main part of the book


• Glossary - a list of hard words with their meanings often printed in the back of the book.


• Bibliography - a list of books, articles etc. used or referred by the author at the end of the book.


• Index - a list of names and subjects in alphabetical order at the end of the book, its the page


(Reference: http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0311790/parts_of_a_book.htm)

Direct and Indirect Discourse
When one paraphrases the words of others, writing them so as to avoid direct quotation, this is called "indirect discourse." Indirect discourse entails certain changes:

A. Quotation marks are not used:


direct discourse: He told me, "You're stupid"


indirect discourse: He told me that I was stupid.

B. The inclusion of "that" is optional:


She said that she would be late.


OR: She said she would be late.


They informed us that the plane was delayed.


OR: They informed us the plane was delayed.

C. Imperative forms, when recounted in indirect discourse, generally becomes infinitive constructions:


direct discourse: He told me, "Write to me."


indirect discourse: He told me to write him.


direct discourse: I told them, "Get out of here!"


indirect discourse: I told them to get out of here.

D. When a quotation is put in indirect discourse, care must be taken to verify that verb tenses reflect the change in temporal context:


direct discourse: She said, "I will be on time."


indirect discourse: She said she would be on time.


direct discourse: When he called he said, "I am at the airport"


indirect discourse: When he called he said he was at the airport.


Assessment: Change all the direct discourse sentences to indirect discourse, and indirect discourse sentences to direct discourse.


1) Sarah said, "I am ill." 


2) Paul told me to go to the cinema and buy two tickets.


3) Terry explained to us, "I went to Spain during my holidays".


4) John said that he would buy a new computer soon.


5) My father told me, "Do your homework!"

ENGLISH 1 Notes...

Elements of a Narrative

Characters - people in the story
Setting        - when and where the story happened or the emotional atmosphere of the story
Conflict       - the problem, struggle in the story
Theme        - generalization about life embedded in the story
Plot             -  the sequence of events in a story

Types of Narrative
Fable – a narrative intended to enforce a useful truth with animals as characters

Legend - a popular narrative about the origin of things, places, fictional character, etc.

Myth - a usually traditional narrative (presumably based on historical events) which serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon

Tale – a story about magical world, adventures, and characters born out of imagination

Anecdote - a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident

Short story - an invented prose narrative (shorter than a novel) which usually deals with a few characters, aims at unity of effect, and often concentrates on the creation of mood rather than plot (N.B. short in short story - having only one plot)

Narrative Devices - This term describes the tools of the story teller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay exam this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.

Examples:




Foreshadowing, hinting at events to occur later.
In Romeo & Juliet the two main characters both state early on that they would rather die than not be together.

Personification -the use of comparative metaphors and similes to give human-like characteristics to non-human objects.


Plot twist is a change ("twist") in the direction or expected outcome of the plot of a film or novel.


Suspense or tension is the feeling of uncertainty and interest about the outcome of certain actions -- most often referring to an audience's perceptions in a dramatic work.


Dialogue is a conversation (which may be reciprocal) between two or more persons
"Alex," my mother asked, "what were your activities and pursuits at your middle school today?"
"I had a full day of activities, Mother. My teachers were stimulating, and my English class was especially delightful."


(Accessed from http://literaryterms.wikispaces.com/narrative+devices)